The broader audience

I’ve been tinkering with the idea of how to reach broader audiences to see what non-ecologists think about frogs.

With all of the books one could read in the world, what would inspire someone to pick up a book with “frogs” or “amphibians” in the title?

Call it market research, if you will: what makes people wonder about frogs, if at all? What do they find interesting, abhorrent, uninteresting? What would make someone who knows next to nothing about frogs want to pick up a book about frogs? Or read an article or watch a video or listen to a podcast about frogs?

I get my ideas for blog posts when I’m out doing interesting things—field work, long hikes, travel, conferences, road trips, or some kind of significant life event. Sometimes, blog ideas will wake me up in the middle of the night and I can only get back to sleep after I’ve written them down.

This happened recently when I was about to have a new peer-reviewed paper come out in a scientific journal. Instead of sleeping, words started streaming through my mind about how I would explain the research to someone who wasn’t an ecologist. So I had to get out of bed, pad down the cold hallway, pick up my even colder laptop, pry it open, and start pattering it out on the keyboard. When I was finished—oddly there is always a clear ending in these events—I went back to sleep and figured I would put it up on my blog someday soon when the paper came out.

But the next day, I decided I liked the piece enough to share it with a bigger audience. But where? What kind of outlet would want to publish such a thing? Then, serendipitously, I came across The Conversation. I registered on the site and submitted a pitch. Soon after, I got a response from an editor. I sent them my piece, largely unedited, figuring they would either love it or hate it.

I actually love the editing and revising processes—under most circumstances.

It turns out they were pretty big fans. And in contrast to the academic peer review process, working with the editors was an absolute delight. They found ways to make the language more concise yet informative.

The day after the paper published, my article in The Conversation went live. There was a whirlwind of internet activity around it. The Conversation allows other news sites to fully copy their content. It was picked up by 38 other news outlets, including the Seattle Post-Intelligencer, Yahoo News, Phys.org, and Popular Science.

I held my breath and waited for the onslaught of troll activity in the comments. None came. I went to a few of the other news outlets. There were a couple of comments on Yahoo that were to be expected—something along the lines of the ridiculousness of bothering to vaccinate frogs. There will always be people who can’t quite get there.

This reminded me of the lament I’ve heard from some of my colleagues: “How do we convince people that nature is important, to see things the way we do?”

I generally cringe at these types of questions. You can’t make someone suddenly care about something they don’t even have a frame of reference for. The seeds for respect and reverence for nature are planted in childhood, maybe even in the womb.  

A classic midwestern image in autumn.

My parents were not the back-to-the-land type by any stretch of the imagination, but they knew the birds and trees and plants and flowers and taught me all of them. Natural history was a constant presence in our lives, even if only experienced from our primarily suburban vantage point.

The bloom of the magnolia tree and the arrival of the American Robins coincided in spring. The first maple leaves turned just as school was about to start in late August. My relatives taught me how to harvest and eat rhubarb without dying. Nature was woven into the fabric of our lives. It was just the way we lived.

I don’t know how to get people to care about frogs; honestly, I’m not sure that getting anyone to do anything is really the way to save the planet anyway. Like most, I am likely to run the other way if someone starts trying to impose their values on me. That is why a lot of well-intentioned environmental activism simply doesn’t work: it’s based in fear and moralizing. Telling someone that they are a bad person for driving an SUV or eating a hamburger is not going to win any sympathizers for the cause. (Side note: for some hope on how to communicate effectively about climate change, check out Katherine Hayhoe’s book, Saving Us).

Especially since 2020, there seems to be an endless stream of offerings around finding one’s purpose in life, as if purpose is an elusive creature we need to stalk and capture so we can finally be happy once and for all; as if it isn’t sitting right beneath our noses, in that place we can hear only when there is stillness and quiet. It makes sense: the stillness created by the pandemic left many taking an honest inventory of our lives’ stock-in-trade. Many didn’t like what they found. Others found they only needed some tweaks here and there. Still others entered complete life overhauls.

We all have our own reference frames and our own values. No one is going to convince me that concrete is good for wildlife any more than I am going to convince someone who has never given frogs a second thought that frogs are important and worthwhile to study and think and wonder about.

I am exquisitely curious, though, about where we can meet in the middle—somewhere between their Manolos on concrete and my wader boots in the mud. There are real places where this happens—Yosemite Valley, for example—where, fittingly, the research I published in the paper was conducted.

Iconic Yosemite Valley meadow—daytime edition.

After dark, I would be under a pedestrian bridge in an iconic meadow searching for frogs by the light of my headlamp while visitors walked on the pavement above me, oblivious to the science being conducted beneath their feet. Never before had I been somewhere so wild and yet so urban in exactly the same place at exactly the same time.

At first I was weirded out by it because it was so unusual, but later I came to appreciate it as part of Yosemite Valley’s magnificence: that it can hold all of us, literally side by side, even with our vastly different vantage points.

Recently, a friend gave me a hilarious book of postcards, Subpar National Parks, each with an iconic image of a national park on it, accompanied with an actual negative review of that park. Yosemite’s was—mind you this was a real review—

“Trees block view, and there are too many gray rocks.”

So perhaps not everyone can get with the grandeur of one of the world’s most stunning landscapes. Here it should be noted that the park does conduct “viewshed management”: the practice of cutting down trees that get in the way of some of the most iconic vistas.

Yosemite Valley view.

At Yosemite Valley, some people experience beauty and awe at the natural world to a profound depth that they never have before. On my way to work each day, I loved to drive through the first viewing area once you arrive in the Valley. My eyes would sometimes well up in sympathetic joy as I caught glimpses of people’s faces when they looked up at the scenery. Few are not in awe of what is seen at that spot, especially for the first time.

This is what we have in common: there is something innate in us that can see beauty and experience awe simply at the witnessing of nature’s grandeur. I see it when I look directly into the golden iris of a foothill yellow-legged frog’s eye. Others see it in the first glimpse of their newborn’s face; many of us experience it when we enter Yosemite Valley for the first time.

Frogs, babies, rocks—whatever wakes us up and brings us back to life is what we need more of in our own personal viewshed, because that is what purpose is made of. For me, that’s getting to spend time in nature, both for work and play. It’s also writing, which is why I want to keep tinkering with translating and communicating my work for broader audiences. Perhaps someone read the Conversation article, got curious about frogs, and learned a few things. Perhaps someone got angry and decided to make a change in their life.

One of the best comments I ever received on a blog post was the following:

“I admit I get my nature journeys only from your too infrequent writings! But each time you bring me closer to the idea of life, the quiet of life, the intention of life. You painted a beautiful picture for me today with words, and enhanced it with your gorgeous pictures. I thank you for taking the journeys for me, and returning them to all of us.”

I am fortunate to have real people read my blog posts and comment on them so openly and honestly. I realized that this is reaching a non-ecologist: someone who admits they would not experience nature any other way than through my writing. I don’t have to convince them to like frogs. Just by doing what I enjoy, I made someone’s life a little better, even if for only a moment.

My experiment communicating to broader audiences continues. I was recently interviewed for, and quoted in, a Washington Post article about emerging research on amphibians in Africa. I found myself delving into deep philosophical questions with the patient journalist through the lens of amphibian research. I love these types of conversations because they help me better understand what makes non-ecologists tick; what they think about frogs, and their place in the world; and how I might be able to show them surprising new information and perspectives.

Foothill yellow-legged frog.

I have more essays in the queue that would normally appear on the blog but for which I’ve found some potential, broader-audience homes. It’s fun to work with editors this way, and it is lightyears more fun than the peer review process. If I can’t find a home for something, I’ll post it to the blog. So there are likely to be fewer blog posts overall than usual. But I’ll share what is published in other places on social media.

The Conversation piece was a great start in this experiment, and I’m glad the process turned out so well. In the future, I may not be so lucky with the minimal trolling: but that may be a good thing. If I’m stirring up conversation, even ire, about a subject, then one goal is being met: people are talking and thinking about frogs, even if they loathe the idea of what is being said about them. Whether those who disagree with my perspective like it or not, frogs are here—for now, and they have a lot to teach us in the meantime.

Desert Reset

Our annual fall journey to the Mojave Desert has transformed into a kind of pilgrimage. As our careers and responsibilities expand and intensify, the world’s demands on our time have increased; and with it, the need to remove ourselves from it for several days. We always go somewhere that cell service cannot be found; somewhere that we are unlikely to encounter other humans; somewhere with abundant space and sky and not much else. It is in this expansiveness and unplugging that we feel we can finally and deeply rest.

In November, the intense desert heat has waned, and we settle into comfortably warm days and cool nights conducive to deep sleep. This year, we left on the heels of yet another heatwave driven by the east winds, somewhat doubtful that the temperatures would diminish to our comfort level. But when we arrived on the vast Bureau of Land Management (BLM) lands south of Death Valley National Park, we were pleasantly surprised.

We had a general area targeted, but otherwise no plans for where to go. This is the beauty of the vast public lands that allow open camping in the West: drive any one of thousands of dirt roads in some direction, find a spot that suits, and camp.

Turning off of Highway 395 on a warm Monday afternoon, we found ourselves on a well-maintained but sandy road. As we drove eastward, spurs—labeled with tidy alphanumeric markers—branched off in all directions. There was a designated wilderness area we had hoped to camp outside of and hike into, so we found the roads that seemed like they would get us there. Eventually, we turned north, and soon the going was slow as we crept with our fully loaded truck-bed camper over the deep ruts. We stopped at most intersections as we approached the wilderness area, looking for places to camp. Some large campground areas were present but uninviting—strewn with broken glass and trash, presided over by a few opportunistic ravens, the weekender ATV folks having recently departed, leaving their more-than-a-trace behind them.

Eventually, we made it to the wilderness boundary. A newly-constructed, high-quality wire fence demarcated the perimeter as far as the eye could see in either direction. Occasionally, a break in the exclosure produced a low square set of bars that could be stepped over, but not driven over: an attempt to keep ATVs out, with some—but not perfect—success. The telltale single tracks of dirt bikes were present on the wilderness side, but had not worn the delicate desert soil into a powdery sand the way the tire tracks had on the roads outside of the fenced area. I wondered how old these single stripes through the desert were, how long they had been there. It takes the desert a long time to recover from even the slightest disturbance.

We continued along the perimeter for a while until we came to an intersection: a large, flat area littered with some broken glass and some older, rusted mining-era refuse. Typically, waste left behind that is more than 50 years old constitutes an artifact and can no longer be removed from the site as trash. Someone had clearly cleaned up the site because there was no trash other than the broken glass and the rusty old metal cans and mining paraphernalia. This was surprising: remote outposts like this tend to be abused, but someone with a conscience had recently visited. Either the regular campers out this way are more conscientious than we give the ATV crowd (of which we are technically a part?) credit for, or we had recently arrived on the heels of an organized effort to clean up the site. It was cause for celebration as well as a shift in perspective (and judgment), and a commitment to leaving the place better than we had found it too.

On our walk into the wilderness the next day, we kept coming upon what we thought at a distance were shiny pieces of mining trash that turned out to be Mylar balloons. The novelty of such a thing has worn off: I have found this air trash in the most remote places I’ve ever been, and can now nearly count on it. Walking up to one, we would guess what was on it: most donned faded Disney characters with HAPPY BIRTHDAY on them; others proudly proclaimed, IT’S A GIRL! Once again, human celebrations turned into an ecological menace, if not outright disaster.

It was astonishing how many balloons were in the small area we covered that day. This inspired a new project: I mark the location of every Mylar balloon I come across in a wild area (I’m not pulling over on the freeway to do this). Likely someone else has already started such a project; perhaps my data could someday contribute to theirs. Now, picking up the Mylar balloons and marking their spot is my small contribution to collecting data and remedying the problem.

There was so much room to wander in the desert, it was often difficult to choose which direction to go. The day I started the Mylar balloon project, we started gradually ascending a large alluvial fan, where we discovered USGS markers, mining pits, and a curious abundance of dragonflies. I recalled a recent, harrowing frog survey with my colleague Sarah, a 30-year veteran ecologist of California streams. This past drought-stricken year, we were searching for water in which to conduct frog surveys. As we bush whacked our way into what should have been the stream corridor, she exclaimed, “Look! A dragonfly! There has to be water around here somewhere,” plunging herself deeper into the thick, tick-infested (we would come to find out later) underbrush, with me trailing behind her. We didn’t find water in that streambed, but it was about a half mile away in another stream.

In the desert, the mounting frequency with which we observed dragonflies was puzzling. There was definitely no water to be found anywhere nearby. A spring would have given itself away by a depression or at least a change from brown to green vegetation on the landscape. But we saw nothing. Perhaps the dragonflies were visiting the alluvial fans and flats of the desert valleys to forage before returning to the springs in the mountains. The dragonflies were always landing on the tips of the creosote branches: the places where the single autumn rain that has arrived thus far encouraged the tiniest bit of growth. Maybe these tips have little insects on them that they like to eat; or a drop of moisture to drink.

We observed surprisingly little wildlife. Though this area is home to the desert tortoise and Mojave ground squirrel, we observed no tracks and little movement; not even lizards. It seemed odd. Flocks of horned larks flitted through the creosote and took dust baths at our campsite. Tiny flies kept drowning themselves in the cup of coffee placed at the corner of my yoga mat in the morning. Occasionally I thought I saw a raptor soaring overhead, only to be disappointed when the sound betrayed that it was just another jet returning to Edwards Air Force Base. Though the roar of the jet engines parting the desert silence was more frequent than we would have liked, it was a small price to pay for the quiet in between.

The valley hike on our last day led us into an area with Joshua trees. We marveled at each one of these large, magnificent monocots that are quickly becoming the last of their kind due to climate change. We stopped to take photos of the quirky, spindly, tallest ones. Later, after rounding a bend and dropping into a narrow valley, there it stood: the most perfect, tree-like Joshua tree I had ever seen. Its branches were numerous and short. Its trunk was stout, reminding me of an old, stalwart oak. We approached it, noticing that despite the parched desert in every direction, there was a carpet of tiny green sprouts on the ground all around the north side. I walked up to the trunk to get a better look at the alligator skin-like pattern in the cavernous bark.

I took one step closer, and a large bird flushed from the branches. As it flew away, I could tell from its silhouette that it was some kind of owl: long, sleek, with a wide head and rounded wings. I felt badly that we had disturbed its daytime roost, hoping it would bank and return, but it flew on into the desert and kept on flying, out of sight.

Taking a few steps back, I circumnavigated the tree to admire it from more angles. Then, Chris shout-whispered, “C’mere! Look!!” Through a porthole in the branches, perfectly framed by the blade-like leaves, was a long-eared owl, head tufts erect, eyes peering just as surprised and curiously back at us, perfectly still. As it held steady, the strong up-valley wind blew some of the feathers on its breast upward, the tiny movements giving it away. We stared agape and took photos for a while, then decided to move on so that its partner or parent—which likely flushed in order to get us to chase it and not seek the owl left behind in the tree—could return.

Perhaps, just like us, the owls had seen something special about that particular Joshua tree—for them, it was likely the dense cover it provided from predators, and shelter from the wind; for us, it was the unique shape and branching structure, looking like an oak tree, reminding us of home.

After a few days, the owl moment and the length of time with no computers, phones, email, or screens of any kind had allowed the quiet of the desert to seep into us. The stream of songs stopped playing in my head. The emails I couldn’t get to before I left were forgotten. The pressing urgency of everything had disappeared. Space, silence, and time to reset, recalibrate, and remember what lies underneath our commitment to everything that demands our attention is often all we need replenish the energy required to carry on.

We sat at our campsite overlooking a broad, spacious valley and took in the desert sunset as the full moon rose over the hills behind us. When night fell, the strangest view emerged across the valley: an entire hillslope was flashing red off and on, like a neon sign that stretched for miles. I knew instantly what it was, though it was hard to believe. Thousands of tiny red lights on thousands of enormous wind turbines blinked in unison. We could escape cell coverage and other people for a few days, but we could not escape the ever-present encroachments of the modern world on nature, even at night. Especially at night.

On the final morning at our remote desert outpost, I lay on the ground, listening to the sound of the wind threading the creosote branches. The flies continued to drown themselves in my coffee, despite the lid. The dogs lifted their noses to the breeze lazily, sensing creatures we lacked the instrumentation to notice. This was also a vacation for them—with longer walks and nothing to bark at for days, no UPS delivery driver, no dogs with their jangling collars being walked down our street. All four of us breathed in the last precious moments of peace before packing up to return to our busy lives. We made the journey back slowly and intentionally, with the fresh eyes of calm. Though we have to leave the solitude of the desert behind, the feeling of spaciousness—the sense of what is really important—can be brought home.